THE ROMAN EMPIRE

The ebook version of the educational poster

by Eva and Sven Wiebers

Publisher

Will Hofmann

Edition notice

Copyright © 2014

Publisher:

Wiebers Verlag

Brussaer Weg 27

D 12109 Berlin

Germany

ISBN: 978-3-942606-59-2

Translation from German: Stephen Braiden

Cover: Jane Weimann, Kalle Max Hofmann

Wiebers, Eva and Sven; Hofmann, Will

The Roman Empire

All rights reserved

For Eva und Sven

Contents

Introduction

Roughly Division of the Epochs

The Individual Epochs

I LEGEND AND MONARCHY 753 - 509 BC

The Legend

Monarchy 753–509 BC

Proven Findings

II Rom as a Republic 509–27 BC

500-200 BC

Important Characters

Scipio (236-184 BC)

Hannibal (247-183 BC)

200-100 BC

Important Characters

Cato (234-149 BC)

Tiberius Gracchus (162–133 BC)

Gaius Gracchus (154–121 BC)

Marius (157–86 BC)

Sulla (138–78 BC)

100-27 BC

Important Characters

Crassus (112–53 BC)

Pompey (Pompeius) (106–48 BC)

Cicero (106–43 BC)

Gaius Julius Caesar (about 100–44 BC)

Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) (82–30 BC)

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger) (85–42 BC)

III Empire of Emperors 27 BC to AD 476

Outline

I Julio-Claudian Dynasty 27 BC to AD 68

Important Characters

Augustus (63 BC – AD 14)

Tiberius (42 BC – AD 37)

Caligula (AD 12–41)

Claudius (10 BC–AD 54)

Nero (AD 37–68)

II Flavian dynasty AD 69 - 96

Important Characters

Vespasian (AD 9–79)

Titus (AD 39–81)

Domitian (AD 51–96)

III ADOPTIVE EMPERORS AD 96 - 192

Important Characters

Nerva (AD 30–98)

Trajan (AD 53–117)

Hadrian (AD 76–138)

Antoninus Pius (AD 86–161)

Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180)

Commodus (AD 161–192)

IV Severan Dynasty AD 193-235

Important Characters

Septimus Severus (AD 146–211)

Caracalla (AD 188–217)

Elagabal (AD 204–222)

Alexander Severus (AD 208–235)

V „Barracks Emperors“ AD 235–284

Images of the „Barracks Emperors“ AD 235–284

VI Absolute Monarchy AD 284–395

Important Characters

Diocletian (about AD 240-313)  284–305 (West)

Constantine I, the Great (about AD 280-337) 306–337

Theodosius I (AD 347-395) 379–395 (East)

Images of the sovereigns 284-395

Diocletian (about AD 240–313)  284–305 (West)

Maximian 284–305 (East)

Constantius I (250–306) 305–306 (East und West)

Constantine , the Great (about AD 280-337) 306–337

Licinius 306–324 (East)

Constantius II 337–361 (until 350 only West)

Constans 337–350 (East)

Constantine II. 337–340 (partly West)

Julian Apostata 361–363 (East and West)

Jovian 363–364 (East and West)

Valentinian I 364–375 (West)

Valens 364–378 (East)

Gratian 375–383 (West)

Valentinian II (371–392) 383–92 (West)

Magnus Maximus (355–388) 383–388 (partly West)

Eugenius (?–394) 392–394 (West)

Theodosius I (AD 347–395) 379–395 (East, 394 four month West and East)

Period of the Division of the Empire since 395

The sovereigns of the Western Roman Empire AD 395 – 476

Honorius 395–423

Valentinian III 425–55

Galla Placidia 425–37

Petronius Maximus 455

Avitus 455–456

Maiorianus 457–461

Libius Severus 461–465

Anthemius 467–472

Olybrius 472

Glycerius 473–474

Julius Nepos 474–475

Romulus Augustulus 475–476

VIII The sovereigns of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire AD 395 – 1453

Arcadius 395–408

Theodosius II 408–450

Marcianus 450–57

Leo I 457–474

Leo I. 474

Zenon 474/76–491

Subject Index

Picture Credits

Author

Shipping Information

Wiebers Publisher

Posters to Historical Topics

Introduction

Knowledge about the Roman Empire fills Libraries. Alongside legends and historical accounts, there are certain agreed facts about people and events, but also contentious themes.

Traces of Roman activity are to be found in large parts of Europe and the Near East. Whoever delves deeper into the subject will soon be impressed by the daring exploits and the achievements in engineering and architecture. He will be amazed by the surviving sculpture, mosaics, and literature. He will also be astonished at how few Emperors died of natural causes.

The newcomer is soon overwhelmed by the sheer weight of information. In order to get an overview, the poster „The Roman Empire“ by Eva and Sven Wiebers offers an ideal tool.

All facts described in this book have been verified to our best knowledge. In case you come across a mistake, please don't hesitate to contact us. Once we have feedback on factual or linguistic errors, we will release an updated version of the e-book. Then every buyer will be informed by Amazon that a new version is available for download free of charge. The names of all contributors  will be mentioned in future updates. Please contact us at info@wiebers-verlag.de

Historical events are listed on the timelines, short texts describe the most important personalities. Over thirty portraits of the most important rulers round off the attractive appearance of the poster.

A representative sample.

Not everyone has the possibility to hang an A1 poster on their wall, or it may be simply too expensive.

The answer is this eBook. All the facts and illustrations have been transferred from the poster. The order of historical events is clearly arranged and easily comprehensible – just the way it is on the poster. The book provides a reliable overview of Roman history from the very beginnings to the end of the Western Empire.

The poster is divided into its constituent parts like mosaic tiles. In addition, the texts are extracted and illustrations expanded, making the texts easier to access and the illustrations easier to view.

The eBook also offers the advantage that numerous extra portraits and illustrations can be included which brings life to the material.

The contents offer a rough overview of the time periods. It is worthwhile looking at these more closely. The historical events follow in chronological order. The subject index and picture credits complete the package.

Some year numbers are without additional information. In context it is clear whether the year is BC or AD.

I would like to thank the open encyclopedia „Wikipedia“ from which several illustrations are taken which are not included in the original poster. 10 % of the profits from this book will therefore be paid to Wikipedia.

Hinweis: Wenn Sie das Plakat erwerben möchten, beachten Sie bitte die Informationen zu Preis und Versand am Schluss.

Note: If you want to purchase a copy of the poster, you will find the shipping details at the end of the book.

Roughly Division of the Epochs

Roman history can be roughly divided into three periods.

I Legends and the Kingdom 753–509 BC

II Rom as a Republic 509–27 BC

III Empire 27 BC to AD 476

The Empire of the Emperors subdivides into the following periods:

I Julio-Claudian Dynasty 27 BC to AD 68

II Flavian dynasty AD 69 – 96

III Adoptive Emperors AD 96 – 192

The first 200 years are called Roman Peace (Pax Romana) 27 BC - AD 180

IV Severan dynasty AD 193–235

V „Barracks Emperors AD 235–284

VI Absolute Monarchy AD 284–395

VII Western Roman Empire AD 395 – 476

VIII Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire AD 395 – 1453, described until Zenon AD 491

The Individual Epochs

I LEGEND AND MONARCHY 753 - 509 BC

The Legend

Romulus and Remus

Twins and legendary founders of Rome. Abandoned as infants to the floods of Tiber they were washed up on the banks and suckled by a she-wolf. Romulus decided the Palatine should be the site of Rome and killed Remus in a quarrel.

Painting by Rubens, c. 1616

Monarchy 753–509 BC

Legend has it that Rome was founded in 753 BC by Romulus. By 509 BC, seven kings are said to have ruled the town, although this has not been confirmed.

Proven Findings

Archaeological excavations date the first settlements on the Palatine to the 10th century BC. Around 575 two marshes close to the river Tiber were drained and the Forum Romanum was built.

After the banishment of the last Etruscan king Tarquinius Superbus (535-509 BC), the period of the Roman Republic began with the election of the first consul.

Tarquinius Superbus makes himself King; John Leech, ca. 1850

II Rom as a Republic 509–27 BC

500-200 BC

494 Creation of the „Plebeian Tribune“ to protect the rights of the plebeians.

493 Rome joins the federation of the Latin towns for common security (Latin League).

449 First codification and publication of Roman laws on twelve Tables.

396 Rome breaks the convention with the Latin League by new annexations.

390 Gauls sack Rome and then retreat.

340–338 Rome conquers the Latin League and dissolves it.

290 Rome conquers the Samnites and occupies middle Italy.

275 Rome occupies southern Italy.

268 First Roman silver coins.

264–241 1st Punic war: Rome defeats Carthage.

237 Rome conquers Sardinia and Corsica.

222 Rome conquers Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy).

218–201 2nd Punic war: Despite Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps, the war ends with the defeat of Carthage.

Important Characters

Scipio (236-184 BC)

Beat Hannibal in the decisive battle of the second Punic war at Zama and received the honourary name Africanus.

Hannibal (247-183 BC)

Carthaginian military commander and general in Spain. He started the 2nd Punic war by conquering Sagunt (219). His army - including war elephants - crossed the Alps s and invaded northern Italy.

200-100 BC

197 Hispania becomes Roman province.

190 Rome defeats Antiochus III the Great at Magnesia ad Sipylum.

183 Hannibals suicide.

159 Romans change the beginning of the year from the 1st of March to the first of January.

149–146 Third Punic war: ends with the siege and destruction of Carthage.

146 Destruction of Corinth, Macedonia and Greece under Roman regiment.

133–122 Failure of the land reform of the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.

113 Victory of the Cimbris and Teutons over the Romans.

111–105 Jugurthine war against Jugurtha, king of Numidia in North Africa (see Marius).

101 Victory of the Romans over the Cimbris.

Important Characters

Cato (234-149 BC)

Influential Republican senator known as “Cato the Censor” due to his strict regime.

He led Rome into the 3rd Punic war .

Tiberius Gracchus (162–133 BC)

Gaius Gracchus (154–121 BC)

Sought political reform of the Republic. As tribunes of the plebeians they put forward laws to reorganize agriculture. Not only did they want to distribute land to people without possessions, but also to expand political rights of the people at the cost of the Sanate. They were murdered in office.

Marius (157–86 BC)

Outstanding military commander, defeated Jugurtha, king of the Numidians. Held the office of consulate for 6 years. Gained honour by the defeat of the Cimbris and Teutons.

Was later involved in a bitter power struggle with Sulla.

Sulla (138–78 BC)

Leader of the Senate‘s party. Defeated King Mithridates, crushed the Populares (party of the people), led by Marius, and became the dictator of Rome after capturing the town. After a conservative state reform he retired into private life.

100-27 BC

91–89 Allied War (also called Social, Italian or Marsic War against former Italian allies.

88–84 Sulla wins the first Mithridatic war.

73–71 The Rebellion of Spartacus.

70 Pompey the Great and Crassus as Consuls

63 Conspiracy of Catiline.

60 1st triumvirate: Pompey, Caesar und Crassus federalize.

58–51 Caesar conqueres Gaul.

49 Caesar and his army cross the Rubicon.

49–48 Civil war: Caesar defeats Pompey.

48 Pompey defeated by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus (Farsala). Caesar meets Cleopatra.

44 Caesar is assassinated, Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) leads the Caesarian sympathizers.

43 2nd triumvirate: Octavian (adoptive son of Caesar) becomes consul and allies with Mark Antony and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

41 Mark Antony meets Cleopatra and reigns the eastern part of the Roman imperium from Egypt.

31 Sea Battle of Actium: Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Important Characters

Crassus (112–53 BC)

General and associate of the 1st triumvirate together with Caesar and Pompey defeated Spartacus. Made a huge business fortune and often lent Caesar large sums of money

Pompey (Pompeius) (106–48 BC)

Respected commander and part of the 1st triumvirate together with Caesar and Crassus. Conquered Asia Minor and cleared the Mediterranian Sea of pirates. Married to Caesar‘s daughter Julia.

Cicero (106–43 BC)

Statesman, writer and lawyer. Known as  the greatest orator of Rome. Achieved the execution of some of Catiline‘s co-conspirators without trial. Later banished by Ceasar for this.

Gaius Julius Caesar (about 100–44 BC)

Brilliant statesman and commander. Wrote the story of his conquest of Gaul in classic prose. Was appointed dictator for life in 44 BC and assassinated in the same year.

Mark Antony (Marcus Antonius) (82–30 BC)

Commander and statesman. Strugggled for power with Octavian. His love for Cleopatra became a legend. Both committed suicide after Octavian had defeated their fleet at Actium.

Brutus (Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger) (85–42 BC)

Leading role in Caesar ‘s assassination plot. After his armies loss at Philippi he threw himself on his sword.

III Empire of Emperors 27 BC to AD 476

Outline

The long period of the Empire of Emperors is divided into

Augustus

I JULIO-CLAUDIAN DYNASTY 27 BC to AD 68

5 Emperors

Vespasian

II Flavian dynasty AD 69 – 96

3 Emperors

Nerva

III ADOPTIVE EMPERORS AD 96 - 192

6 Emperors

Septimus Severus

IV Severan dynasty AD 193 - 235

4 Emperors

Maximinus Thrax (172–238)

V „Barracks Emperors“ AD 235 - 284

22 Emperors with short periods of governance

Diocletian

VI ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AD 284 - 395

The Roman Empire was divided into two, partly three, realms.

Altogether, there were 15 Emperors.

Honorius

VII WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE AD 395 - 476

11 Emperors

Arcadius

VIII EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (BYZANTINE EMPIRE) AD 395 - 1453

6 Emperors until AD 491

I Julio-Claudian Dynasty 27 BC to AD 68

The first 200 years are called Roman Peace (Pax Romana) 27 BC - AD 180

27 BC Octavian becomes princeps and takes the honorary name Augustus.

15 BC Beginnings of Trier (Augusta Treverorum) and Augsburg (Augusta Vindelicorum) as military colonies.

13 BC Beginnings of Basel, Xanten, Mainz and Zurich as Roman forts.

about 7 BC Birth of Jesus Christ

2 BC Augustus receives the title „pater patriae“.

AD 5 Tiberius defeats the Langobards.

9 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Germanic tribes (Cherusci) under Arminius destroy 3 Roman legions led by Varus.

about 30 Crucifixion of Jesus: Beginnings of Christendom.

43 Conquest of Britannia, beginngings of London at a bridge over the River Thames.

44 Thrace and Judea become Roman provinces

50 Oppidum Ubiorum becomes Colonia Claudia Agrippiensis (Cologne).

64 Great Fire of Rome.

Important Characters

Augustus (63 BC – AD 14)

Heir and adoptive son of Caesar and first Roman Emperor. Reorganized the state, controlled the Senate and bestowed the honorary title Augustus "the revered one" upon himself. He was a brilliant statesman, his reign was called the „Golden Age“.

Tiberius (42 BC – AD 37)

Son-in-law of Augustus. Conquered the Alpine foreland together with Drusus and concluded peace with the the Parthians. Ended his life on Capri.

Caligula (AD 12–41)

translated: little soldier‘s boot - lead a violent, despotic form of government (god-king). Was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard.

Claudius (10 BC–AD 54)

Son of Drusus and uncle of Caligula. Continued with the policy of Augustus. Upgrading of the imperial administration, extension of  civil liberty. Poisoned by his wife Agrippina.

Nero (AD 37–68)

Initially led a constructive policy (together with Seneca), allowed his mother to be murdered, was an artist and charioteer, led royal trials and blamed the Christians of causing the Great Fire of Rome (first persecution of Christians). Committed suicide in 68.

II Flavian dynasty AD 69 - 96

AD 69 „Year of the Four Emperors“

Galba 8 June 68 - 15 Januar 69

Otho 15 Januar 69 - 16 April 69

Vitellius 16 April 69 - 22 December 69

Vespasian 1 July 69 – 23 June 79

70 Titus put down the Jewish rebellion: Jerusalem conquered, the temple destroyed, Jewish people are deported.

79 Eruption of the Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed.

80 Plague in Rome.

85 Beginning of the construction of the Limes as fortification between Danube and Rhine.

89 Victory over the Chatti and Dacians.

92 First warehouse for spices built in Rome.

Important Characters

Vespasian (AD 9–79)

Founder of the Flavian dynasty. He was proclaimed as emperor by his legions and recognized by the senate AD 69. Pursued a rigorouse austerity policy (e.g. taxes on public latrines: „Money from these taxes doesn’t stink“).

Titus (AD 39–81)

Vespasians‘ son and conquerer of Jerusalem. Common triumph with Vespasian (Arch of Titus).

Domitian (AD 51–96)

Titus‘ younger brother. Reigned autocratically and despotically. Caused conflicts with the opposition in the Senate. This led to his assassination and a new imperial crisis.

III ADOPTIVE EMPERORS AD 96 - 192

101-102 Dacian war.

106 Conquering of Dacia: huge booty of gold, silver and slaves.

114 Armenia becomes Roman Province.

122 Beginning of the Building of Hadrian‘s Wall in the North of England.

132-135 Jewish revolt under Bar Kokhba.

161-166 War against the Parthian Empire and victory.

166 Great plague epidemic: severe population decrease and beginning of the Roman Imperial crisis.

177–180 Marcomannic War.

179 Biginnings of Ratisbon/Regensburg (Castra Regina) as Roman military camp (castrum).

from 180 absolutist regime in tradition of Caligula and Nero.

The first 200 years are called Roman Peace (Pax Romana) 27 BC - AD 180

192 After Commodus‘ assassination a severe Imperial Crisis breaks out.

Important Characters

Nerva (AD 30–98)

Trajan (AD 53–117)

Born in Spain and one of the best Roman emperors. Under his administration, the empire reached its largest expansion.

He advanced public wealth by numerous social relief organisations.

Hadrian (AD 76–138)

Adoptive son of Trajan. Engaged in defending the Empire, he also advanced fine arts and the Greek influence in cultural life of Rome.

Antoninus Pius (AD 86–161)

Adopted by Hadrian with the order to adopt Marcus Aurelius.

He persued a peaceful policy.

Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180)

Emperor, stoic philosopher and great general. Strove for the continuation of peace but was involved in numerous wars. Wrote his famous „Meditations“ (self-improvement) in Greek.

Commodus (AD 161–192)

IV Severan Dynasty AD 193-235

193 Four Emperors: Pertinax (city prefect of Rome), Julianus and Niger are proclaimed as Emperors by Syrian, Septimus Severus by Pannonian legions. Severus prevails and stabilises the Roman Imperium.

212 Every freeman of the Roman Empire attains Roman citizenship.

217–222 After assassinatin of Caracalla once again a severe Imperial Crisis, called also Crisis of the Third Century.

222–235 Numerous military rebellions across the Roman Empire.

Important Characters

Septimus Severus (AD 146–211)

Caracalla (AD 188–217)

Elagabal (AD 204–222)

Alexander Severus (AD 208–235)

V „Barracks Emperors“ AD 235–284

235 Chaos and various military emperors (until 284). During this time, 22 recognized emperors reigned. Inner turmoil and exterior threats; beginning of Rome‘s decline.

248 Rome‘s millennium celebration.

271 Beginning of the building of the Aurelian Walls around Rome.

Images of the „Barracks Emperors“ AD 235–284

All in all 22 emperors with short reign – Year of the Six Emperors 238

1 Maximinus Thrax (172–238) 235–238

2 Gordian I, (159-238) 238

3 Gordian II, (192–238)

was co-regent to his father Gordian I for 20 days.

4 Pupienus, (167–238) 238

5 Balbinus (165–238) 238

6 Gordian III (225–244) 238–244

7 Philippus Arabs (204–249) 244–249

8–10 Decius and sons (190/201–251) 249–251

11 Trebonianus Gallus (206–253) 251–253

12 Aemilius Aemilianus (207/213–253) 253

13 Valerianus (200–260) 253–260

14 Gallienus (218–268) 253–268

15 Aureolus (?–268) 268

16 Claudius Gothicus (214–270) 268–270

17 Aurelian (214–275) 270–275

18 Tacitus (200–276) 275–276

19 Probus (232–282) 276–282

20–22 Carus (223–283) and sons 282–285

VI Absolute Monarchy AD 284–395

The Roman Empire was divided into two, partly three, realms.

Altogether, there were 15 Emperors.

286 Diocletian adopts Maximian and appoints him as co-emperor. Imperial seats: Milan (West), Nicomedia (East).

293 Tetrarchy: one senior emperor (Augustus) and one junior emperor (Caesar) in East and West. Galerius and Constantius I (“Constantius Chlorus”) as junior emperors.

303–311 Last great persecution of Christians.

306 Failure of the Tetrarchy: Constantine I (the Great) emerges as victor in the power struggle of the Augusti (Galerius, Maximinus, Licinius, Maxentius).

330 Founding of Constantinople.

340 Constans I defeats Constantine II (his elder brother). Diarchy until 350: Constans I (West), Constantius II (East).

361 Julian the Apostate tries to restore heathendom.

366 Victory over the Alemanni.

375 Beginn of the Germanic migration of the people () (until 568).

378 Battle of Adrianople: overwhelming victory for the Visigoths.

Important Characters

Diocletian (about AD 240-313)  284–305 (West)

was a considerable reformer of the state and obtained a temporary consolidation of the Roman Imperium. Voluntary resignation (305) and retreat to his birthplace (Salona in Dalmatia).

Constantine I, the Great (about AD 280-337) 306–337

(until 324 only West)

The first Christian emperor. In his Edict of Milan (313) he allowed Christians free practice of religion all over the empire. In the east he established the old Byzantium (modern Istanbul) as a second capital and called it Constantinople.

Theodosius I (AD 347-395) 379–395 (East)

He reigned in the East, after Eugenius 4 months West and East.

He united the empire and allowed the Visigoths to settle in the empire. By the Edict of Thessalonica Christianity became the state religion. After his death the empire was divided between his sons Honorius (West) and Arcadius (East). Ravenna became capital of the Western Roman Empire.

Images of the sovereigns 284-395

Diocletian (about AD 240–313)  284–305 (West)

Maximian 284–305 (East)

Constantius I (250–306) 305–306 (East und West)

Constantine , the Great (about AD 280-337) 306–337

(until 324 only West)

Licinius 306–324 (East)

Constantius II 337–361 (until 350 only West)

Constans 337–350 (East)

Constantine II. 337–340 (partly West)

Gaul, Britannia, Hispania and a part of Africa

Julian Apostata 361–363 (East and West)

Jovian 363–364 (East and West)

Valentinian I 364–375 (West)

Valens 364–378 (East)

Gratian 375–383 (West)

Valentinian II (371–392) 383–92 (West)

(West, until 388 only Italy and Africa)

Magnus Maximus (355–388) 383–388 (partly West)

(second Augustus in the West over Britain, Gaul , Germania and Hispania)

Eugenius (?–394) 392–394 (West)

Theodosius I (AD 347–395) 379–395 (East, 394 four month West and East)

Period of the Division of the Empire since 395

Western Roman Empire until AD 476

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) until AD 1453

395 Division into Western and Eastern Roman Emire (Byzantine Empire).

401 Visigoths invade Italy under Goth King Alaric I.

406 Teutons cross River Rhine at Mainz.

407 End of the Roman reign in Britannia.

409 Vandals in Spain.

410 Visigoths plunder Rome.

433 Attila („Etzel“ in the Niebelungenlied) becomes King of the Huns (until 453).

439 Vandals conquer Carthage.

451 Battle of the Catalaunian Plains: Rome, together with Visigoths, defeats the Huns under Attila, greatest battle of the antiquitiy (one million fighters).

455 Vandals plunder Rome.

466 Visigoths conquer Spain

476 Romulus Augustulus, illegitimate emperor of the Western Roman Empire is deposed by Odoaker ordered by Zenon. Odokar becomes „King of Italy“.

493 The victory of Theodoric the Great over Odokar begins the reign of the Ostrogoths in Italy and Theodoric‘s period of government (until 526).

The Byzantine Empire existed until the Ottomans’ conquest of Constantinople in 1453 AD.

The sovereigns of the Western Roman Empire AD 395 – 476

Honorius (384–423) 395–423

Valentinian III (419–455) 425–55

Galla Placidia (390–450), together with Valentinian III. 425–37

Petronius Maximus (386–455) 455

Avitus (385–457) 455–456

Maiorianus (?–461) 457–461

Libius Severus (?–465) 461–465

Anthemius (420–472) 467–472

Olybrius (?–472) 472

Glycerius (?–?) 473–474

Julius Nepos (430–480) 474–475

Romulus Augustulus (460–507?) 475–476

Honorius 395–423

Valentinian III 425–55

Galla Placidia 425–37

Mother of the emperor Valentinian III. and Regent 425–37

Petronius Maximus 455

Avitus 455–456

Maiorianus 457–461

Libius Severus 461–465

Anthemius 467–472

Olybrius 472

Glycerius 473–474

Julius Nepos 474–475

Romulus Augustulus 475–476

VIII The sovereigns of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire AD 395 – 1453

Arcadius (377–408) 395–408

Theodosius II (401–450) 408–450

Marcianus (390–457) 450–57

Leo I (401–474) 457–474

Leo II (467–474) 474

Zenon (425–491) 474/76–491

Arcadius 395–408

Theodosius II 408–450

Marcianus 450–57

Leo I 457–474

Leo I. 474

Zenon 474/76–491

Subject Index

The numbers after keywords relate to the printed version of the book. However, in the Kindle version they function as links to the relevant sections.

1st Punic war, 15

1st triumvirate, 23, 24, 25

2nd Punic war, 15, 16, 17

2nd triumvirate, 23

3rd Punic war, 18, 19

Absolute Monarchy, 59

Actium, 23, 28

Adoptive Emperors, 43

Adrianople, 59

Aemilius Aemilianus, 55

Africa, 66, 68

Africanus, 16

agriculture, 20

Agrippina, 37

Alaric I, 70

Alemanni, 59

Alexander Severus, 50

Allied War, 23

Alpine foreland, 35

Alps, 15, 17

Anthemius, 72, 75

Antiochus III the Great, 18

Antoninus Pius, 46

Arabs, 54

Arcadius, 62, 77, 78

Arch of Titus, 41

Archaeological excavations, 14

Armenia, 43

Arminius, 33

Asia Minor, 25

Attila, 70

Augsburg, 33

Augusta Treverorum, 33

Augusta Vindelicorum, 33

Augustus, 33, 34, 35, 37, 59

Aurelian, 57

Aurelian Walls, 51

Aureolus, 56

Avitus, 72, 74

Balbinus, 53

Bar Kokhba, 43

Barracks Emperors, 51, 52

Basel, 33

Battle of Actium, 23

Battle of Adrianople, 59

Battle of Pharsalus, 23

Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, 70

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, 33

beginning of the book

beginning of the year, 18

Birth of Jesus Christ, 33

Britain, 69

Britannia, 33, 70

Brutus, 29

Byzantine Empire, 70, 71, 77

Byzantium, 61

Caesar, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 59

Caligula, 36, 37, 43

Caracalla, 48, 49

Carthage, 15, 15, 18, 70

Carus, 58

Castra Regina, 43

castrum, 43

Catalaunian Plains, 70

Catiline, 23, 26

Cato, Cato the Censor, 19

Censor, 19

Chatti, 39

Cherusci, 33

Christendom, 33

Christian emperor, 61

Cicero, 26

Cimbris, 18

Cimbris and Teutons, 18, 21

Cisalpine Gaul, 15

citizenship, 48

Civil war, 23

Claudius, 37

Claudius Gothicus, 57

Cleopatra, 23, 28

coins, 15

Cologne, 33

Colonia Claudia Agrippiensis, 33

Commodus, 43, 47

Conquest of Constantinople, 71

Constans = Constans I, 59, 66

Constantine I, the Great, 59, 61, 64

Constantine II, 59, 66

Constantinople, 59, 61, 71

Constantius Chlorus, 59

Constantius I, 59, 64

Constantius II, 59, 65

consul, 14

Contents

Corinth, 18

Corsica, 15

Crassus, 23, 24, 25

Crisis of the Third Century, 48

crossing of the Alps, 15, 17

Crucifixion of Jesus, 33

Dacia, 43

Dacian war, 43

Dacians, 39

Decius, 55

Diarchy, 59

Diocletian, 59, 60, 63

Division of the Empire, 70

Domitian, 42

Drusus, 35, 37

Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, 70, 77

Edict of Milan, 61

Edict of Thessalonica, 62

Edition notice, 3

Egypt, 23

Elagabal, 50

elephants, 17

Empire of Emperors, 30

Epochs, 10, 11

Etruscan king, 14

Etzel, 70

Eugenius, 62, 69

Europe, 7

excavations, 14

Farsala, 23

Fire of Rome, 33, 38

first Mithridatic war, 23

first persecution of Christians, 38

First Punic war, 15

First triumvirate, 23, 24, 25

Flavian dynasty, 40

Forum Romanum, 14

Four Emperors, 48

Gaius Gracchus, 18, 20

Gaius Julius Caesar, , 23, 24, 25, 27, 29

Galba, 39

Galerius, 59

Galla Placidia, 72, 73

Gallienus, 56

Gaul, 15, 23, 27, 69

Germania, 69

Germanic migration of the people, 59

Glycerius, 72, 76

god-king, 36

Golden Age, 34

Gordian I., 52

Gordian II., 53

Gordian III., 54

Goth King Alaric I, 70

Gothicus, 57

Gracchus, 18, 20

Gratian, 68

Great Fire of Rome, 33, 38

Great plague, 39, 43

Greece, 18

Hadrian, 45, 46

Hadrian‘s Wall, 43

Hannibal, 15, 16, 17, 18

Herculaneum, 39

Hispania, 18, 69

Honorius, 62, 72, 73

Huns, 70

imperial crisis, 42, 43a, 43b, 48

Introduction, 7

Istanbul, 61

Italian War, 23

Italy, 68, 70

Jerusalem, 39, 41

Jesus Christ, 33

Jesus’ birth, 33

Jesus’ Crucifixion, 33

Jewish people, 39

Jewish rebellion, 39

Jewish revolt, 43

Jovian, 67

Judea, 33

Jugurtha, 18, 21

Jugurthine war, 18

Julia, 25

Julian Apostata, Julian the Apostate, 59, 67

Julianus, 48

Julio-Claudian Dynasty, 33

Julius Caesar, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29

Julius Nepos, 72, 76

junior emperor, 59

King of Italy, 70

Kokhba, 43

land reform, 18

Langobards, 33

Latin League, 15

latrines, 40

laws, 15, 20

Legend, 11

Leo I, 77, 79

Leo II, 77, 79

Libius Severus, 72, 75

Licinius, 59, 65

Limes, 39

little soldier‘s boot, 36

London, 33

Macedonia, 18

Magnesia, 18

Magnus Maximus, 69

Mainz, 33, 70

Maiorianus, 72, 74

Marcianus, 77, 78

Marcomannic War, 43

Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, 23

Marcus Antonius, 23, 28

Marcus Aurelius, 46, 47

Marius, 18, 21, 22

Mark Antony, 23, 28

marshes, 14

Marsic War, 23

Maxentius, 59

Maximian, 59, 63

Maximinus, 59

Maximinus Thrax, 52

Meditations, 47

migration of the people, 59

Milan, 59

military rebellions, 48

millennium celebration, 51

Mithridates, 22

Mithridatic war, 23

Monarchy, 13

Near East, 7

Nero, 38, 43

Nerva, 44

Nicomedia, 59

Niebelungenlied, 70

Niger, 48

North Africa, 18

Numidia, 18

Numidians, 21

Octavian, 23, 28, 33

Odoaker, 70

Olybrius, 72, 75

Oppidum Ubiorum, 33

orator, 26

Ostrogoths, 71

Otho, 39

Ottomans, 71

Palatine, 12, 14

Pannonian legions, 48

Parthian Empire, 43

Parthians, 35

party of the people, 22

pater patriae, 33

Pax Romana, 33, 43

persecution of Christians, 38, 59

Pertinax, 48

Petronius Maximus, 72, 74

Pharsalus, 23

Philippi, 29

Philippus Arabs, 54

Picture Credits

Plague, 39, 43

Plebeian Tribune, 15

plebeian’s rights, 15

Pompeii, 39

Pompey, 23, 24

Pompey / Pompeius, 25

Populares, 22

Poster: The Roman Empire, 7

Praetorian Guard, 36

princeps, 33

Probus, 58

public latrines, 40

Punic war 1, 15

Punic war 2, 15, 16, 17

Punic war 3, 18, 19

Pupienus, 53

Ratisbon, 43

Ravenna, 62

Rebellion of Spartacus, 23

Regensburg, 43

Remus, 11

reorganize agriculture, 20

Republic, 14, 15, 19, 20

Republican senator, 19

rights of the plebeians, 15

Rom as a Republic, 15

Roman citizenship, 48

Roman Empire (poster), 7

Roman laws, 15, 20

Roman Peace, 33, 43

Roman Republic, 14, 15

Rome - Great Fire, 33, 38

Romulus, 11, 13

Romulus and Remus, 11

Romulus Augustulus, 70, 72, 76

Roughly Division of the Epochs, 10, 11

Rubicon, 23

Sagunt, 17

Samnites, 15

Sardinia, 15

Scipio, 16

Sea Battle of Actium, 23

Second Punic war, 15, 16, 17

Second triumvirate, 23

self-improvement, 47

Seneca, 38

senior emperor, 59

Septimus Severus, 48, 49

Severan Dynasty, 48

silver coins, 15

Sipylum, 18

Slave Rebellion of Spartacus, 23

Social War, 23

Spain, 70

Spartacus, 23, 24

state religion, 62

Sulla, 21, 22, 23

Syrian legions, 48

Table of contents

Tacitus, 57

Tarquinius Superbus, 14

Terms of Licence

Tetrarchy, 59

Teutoburg Forest, 33

Teutons, 18, 21, 70

Thames, 33

The Roman Empire (poster), 7

Theodoric the Great, 71

Theodosius I, 62, 69

Theodosius II, 77, 78

third Punic war, 18, 19

Thrace, 33

Thrax, 52

Tiber, 12, 14

Tiberius, 33, 35

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, 18, 20

timelines, 8

Titus, 39, 41, 42

Trajan, 44, 45

Trebonianus Gallus, 55

tribunes of the plebeians, 20

Trier, 33

triumvirate, 23, 24, 25

twelve Tables, 15

Valens, 68

Valentinian I, 67

Valentinian II., 68

Valentinian III., 72, 73

Valerianus, 56

Vandals, 70

Varus, 33

Vespasian, 39, 40, 41

Vesuvius, 39

Visigoths, 59, 62, 70a, 70b, 71a, 71b

Vitellius, 39

Völkerwanderung, 59

warehouse, 39

Western Roman Empire, 62, 70, 71, 72

Wiebers, 7

wolf, 12

Xanten, 33

Year of the Four Emperors, 39

Year of the Six Emperors, 52

Zama, 16

Zenon, 70, 77, 79

Zurich, 33

Picture Credits

The pictures mainly originate from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

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Aemilius Aemilianus (AD 207/213–253)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antoninianus_Aemilianus-RIC_0015.jpg

Source: English Wikipedia, original upload by Panairjdde

Attribution: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com

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Alexander Severus (AD 208–235)

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Attribution (required by the license ): © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons / CC-BY 2.5

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Anthemius (AD 420–472)

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Source: English Wikipedia, original upload 6 June 2005 by Panairjdde

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Antoninus Pius (AD 86–161)

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Source/Photographer: User:Bibi Saint-Pol,  2007-02-08. I, the copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide.

Arcadius (AD 377–408)

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Source/Photographer Papillon.

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Augustus (63 BC– AD 14.)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Aurelian (AD 214–275)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Aureolus (AD ?–268)

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Avitus (AD 455–456)

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Attribution: Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com

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Balbinus (AD 165–238)

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Brutus (about 85–42 BC)

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Autor: Wolfgang Sauber

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Caesar, Julius (about 100–44 BC)

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Caligula (AD 12–41)

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Carus (AD 223–283)

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Carus. Personal picture by user Urban, 2005

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Cato (234–149 BC)

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Cicero (106–43 BC)

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Claudius (10 BC– AD 54)

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Claudius Gothicus (AD 214–270)

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Commodus (AD 161–192)

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Constans (about AD 320–350)

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Constantius I. (AD 250–306)

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Constantius II. (AD 317–361)

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Crassus (112–53 BC)

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Decius (AD 190/201–251)

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Diokletian (AD 240–313)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Domitian (AD 51–96)

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Elagabal (AD 204–22)

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Eugenius (AD ?–394)

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Gallienus (AD 218–268)

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Galla Placidia (AD 390–450)

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Glycerius (AD ?–?)

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Gordian I. (AD 159–238)

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Fotograf: Jastrow (2006)

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Gordian II. (AD 192–238)

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Gordian III. (AD 225–244)

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Gracchus, Tiberius und Gaius (162–133 BC)

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Gratian (AD 359–383)

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Hadrian (AD 76–138)

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Hannibal (247–183 BC)

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Honorius (AD 384–423)

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Jovian (AD 331–364)

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Julian Apostata (AD 331–363)

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Julius Caesar (um 100–44 BC)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Julius Nepos (AD 430–480)

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Konstantin I. (*AD 270–288✝377)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Konstantin II. (AD 317–340)

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Author TcfkaPanairjdde

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Leo I. (AD 401–474)

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Leo II. (AD 467–474)

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Libius Severus (AD ?–465)

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Autor CNG, Attribution: http://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=25157

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Licinius (AD 265–325)

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Magnus Maximus (AD 355–388)

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Maiorianus (AD ?–461)

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Marcianus (AD 390–457)

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Marcus Antonius (82–30 BC)

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Marcus Aurelius (AD 121–180)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Marius (157–86 BC)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Maximian (AD 240–310)

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This image of roman coinage was taken from this gallery. The gallery is a part of Heinz-Joachim Krenzer’s private website, who collected the images from various sources. This specific image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, what applies on all images in this gallery without these of Pertinax, Manlia Scantilla und Pescennius Niger. This applies worldwide.

Maximinus Thrax (AD 172–238)

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The copyright of this image has expired in the European Union because it was published more than 70 years ago without a public claim of authorship (anonymous or pseudonymous), and no subsequent claim of authorship was made in the 70 years following its first publication.

Nero (37–68)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Nerva (30–98)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Olybrius (AD ?–472)

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Petronius Maximus (AD 386–455)

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Philippus Arabs (AD 204–249)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Pompeius (106–48 BC)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Probus (AD 232–282)

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Fotograf/Zeichner: Gunthram 2006

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Pupienus (AD 167–238)

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Romulus Augustulus (AD 460–507?)

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Romulus und Remus

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Romulus und Remus

Peter Paul Rubens (AD 1577–1640) Romolo e Remo allattati dalla Lupa; Capitoline Museums

Source/Photographer user:GiacomoSergio

This work is in the public domain in the United States, and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less.

Scipio (236–184 BC)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Sulla (138–78 BC)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Tacitus (AD 200–276)

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Photo © Roby 9 janvier 2005

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Tarquinius Priscus (616–578 BC)

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This work is in the public domain in the United States, and those countries with a copyright term of life of the author plus 100 years or less. Circa 1850

http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=937_A138C_1850

Theodosius I. (AD 379–395)

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Theodosius II. (AD 401–450)

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Tiberius (42 BC – AD 37)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Tiberius und Gaius Gracchus (162–133 BC)

Siehe: Gracchus, Tiberius und Gaius

Titus (AD 39–81)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Trajan (AD 53–117)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Trebonianus Gallus (AD 206–253)

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This image of roman coinage was taken from this gallery. The gallery is a part of Heinz-Joachim Krenzer’s private website, who collected the images from various sources. This specific image has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder, what applies on all images in this gallery without these of Pertinax, Manlia Scantilla und Pescennius Niger. This applies worldwide.

Valens (328–378)

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Valentinian I. (AD 321–375)

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Valentinian II. (AD 371–392)

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Valentinian III. (AD 419–455)

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Valerianus (AD 200–260)

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Vespasian (AD 9–79)

From Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“

Zenon (AD 425–491)

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Source: English Wikipedia, original upload 16 June 2005 by Panairjdde

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Map EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE (BYZANTINE EMPIRE)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png

Attribution: Geuiwogbil at the English language Wikipedia

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Map Division into Western and Eastern Roman Emire (Byzantine Empire).

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodosius_I%27s_empire.png

Attribution: Geuiwogbil at the English language Wikipedia

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Map Western roman Empire

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Autor: Tokle

I, the copyright holder of this work, release this work into the public domain. This applies worldwide. In some countries this may not be legally possible; if so: I grant anyone the right to use this work for any purpose, without any conditions, unless such conditions are required by law.

Terms of Licence

All the pictures may be used corresponding to the following conditions of their original licenses, including those of the original Wiebers poster „The Roman Empire“.

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Author

Will Hofmann, born 1949 in the Taunus area of Germany.

He is a general practicioner and psychotherapist with his own practice.

Will has been writing since his youth. Most of his published works in the Kindle library are only available in German language at this point.

Aside from fictional works, he has written lots of educational texts for medical training as well as information leaflets and brochures for patients.

Another of his passions his history. Will is enthusiastic about the accomplishments of mankind through the ages. Fuelled by this passion, he became the head editor and distributor for Wieber's Historical Posters and is currently busy translating them into more and more languages, as well as making them available in the eBook format.

Shipping Information

You can order our posters via the Wiebers eShop.

Prices and shipping fees:

Germany: 15.00 €€ including shipping.

European Union (except Channel Islands): 15.00 €€ plus 4.60 € shipping.

Switzerland: 15.00 €€ plus 8,90 € shipping.

Other countries including Channel Islands: 15.00 €€ plus 10.90 €€ shipping.

If you order several posters (up to 15 pcs.) shipping is charged only once. Additionally, you will get 10% off starting with an order of three posters or more.

In case of larger quantity orders, please contact us at info@wiebers-verlag.de.

Wiebers Publisher

Publisher for historical plaques and posters, founded in 1995 by Eva and Sven Wiebers.

Noumerous historical information are combined with the sensual charisma of pictures and time-documents in large-sized posters. It is an enjoyment for each person interested in culture and history.

The delivery programme is completed by multitudinous bookmarks with historical pictures and texts.

The posters work perfectly as a special gift. They prove to be an eye-cather in public offices, waiting rooms, hotels, guest houses and medical practices.

Scolars and students find a helpful overview of complex historical relations in these posters.

Overview over the posters klick here.

Additional 65 different bookmarks with historical topics are available.

Yet only the poster of the Roman Empire is available in English (and in Netherlands). All the others are in German. More translations are planned - especially the poster of the rulers of the Middle Ages (800 - 1500) and of Europe from 1500 to 1918.

Posters to Historical Topics

Publications:

Preußen ISBN 978-3-942606-01-1

Regenten Deutschlands ISBN 978-3-942606-02-8

Hanse ISBN 978-3-942606-03-5

Regenten Europas ISBN 978-3-942606-04-2

Sachsen ISBN 978-3-942606-05-9

Regenten des Mittelalters ISBN 978-3-942606-06-6

Pharaonen ISBN 978-3-942606-08-0

Roman Emire (German) ISBN 978-3-942606-09-7

Nederlands ISBN 978-3-942606-10-3

English ISBN 978-3-942606-11-0

Kaiser und Könige ISBN 978-3-942606-00-4

Preußen Comic-Stile ISBN 978-3-942606-07-3

Formats: all DIN A1 (59,4*81 cm), besides Preußen 70*100 cm

Back:

Beginning of the Book

toc1

Subject Index

Picture Credit